What organic farming is and how it works in practice

An organic farm must comply with Regulation (EU) 2018/848, ensuring the absence of synthetic pesticides, highly soluble mineral fertilizers, and GMOs. It must implement diversified crop rotations, soil‑conservation practices, and certified inputs. Annual audits verify documentary compliance, field records, and full traceability. Certification is only granted after a conversion period of 24 to 36 months.

The conversion period requires the farm to fully adopt organic practices before certification is granted. During these 2–3 years, productivity may decrease by 10% to 25%, depending on the crop and initial soil fertility. Soil microbiology needs time to stabilise, particularly in previously intensive systems. After conversion, many producers regain productivity levels close to conventional systems, but with greater ecological resilience.

Only biological, physical or biotechnical methods are permitted, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, pheromones, chromotropic traps and natural predators. Copper use is allowed but restricted to 4 kg/ha/year in the EU. The strategy relies on prevention: functional biodiversity, resistant varieties and systematic monitoring. Curative interventions are applied only when the economic damage threshold is reached.

Soil fertility is maintained through organic fertilisation (compost, manure, certified biofertilisers), cover crops and rotations with nitrogen‑fixing legumes. Organic matter increases water‑holding capacity and microbial activity, potentially raising soil carbon by 0.2% to 0.4% over five years. Annual soil analysis is mandatory to adjust the fertilisation plan and maintain nutrient balance.

Yes, provided the system is well planned. Although some systems show lower initial yields, variable costs tend to be lower and market prices are 20% to 40% higher than conventional products. Production stability increases as soil structure improves and pest‑related losses decrease. European studies indicate higher net margins in organic horticultural and fruit crops.

Precision technologies that do not involve synthetic production inputs are allowed: humidity sensors, monitoring drones, NDVI mapping, smart irrigation systems and reduced‑tillage machinery. Digitalisation can improve water‑use efficiency by up to 30% and reduce errors in applying organic inputs. Traceability software is recommended to support audits and documentation compliance.

Certification is conducted by bodies accredited under ISO/IEC 17065. The process includes documentary audits, on‑site inspection of the farm, verification of records and sample collection. Unannounced inspections may occur when there is a risk of non‑compliance. Certification is renewed annually and requires continuous proof of conformity with organic production standards.

Organic farming reduces groundwater contamination, lowers N₂O emissions by 20% to 40%, and increases functional biodiversity (pollinators and natural enemies). Organic soils contain, on average, 30% more organic matter and exhibit greater structural stability. These factors enhance climate resilience and significantly reduce erosion.